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Austin_skyline originally uploaded by Simon Kapadia

When it comes to incubating clean technology which city is the greenest of them all? Austin, according to a survey by SustainLane, a San Francisco service that provides environmental management and policy information to governments and businesses. The Texas capital won for its Clean Energy Incubator, the University of Texas’s research and development programs and Austin Energy, a municipal owned utility pursuing renewable sources of electricity. (It probably doesn’t hurt that the city itself has declared it will go carbon neutral by 2020.)

Taking the No. 2 spot is San Jose, the self-proclaimed capital of Silicon Valley. No surprise there, given the valley’s venture capital firepower and concentration of tech companies going green, like chip equipment maker Applied Materials (AMAT)’s move into solar cell machines. And while not green tech companies themselves, Hewlett-Packard (HPQ), Sun Microsystems (SUN) and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) are pushing energy-efficiency chips and computer servers.

Green Wombat’s hometown of Berkeley ranks No. 3 due to the University of California’s new $500 million biofuels research center funded by BP (BP) and the presence of the  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Berkeley also is the headquarters of solar energy company PowerLight, recently acquired by SunPower (SPWR).

Pasadena scored the No. 4 slot for hosting NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab, the California Institute of Technology and a variety of Southern California alt energy companies.

The Boston area came in fifth for its concentration of renewable energy startups and big brains at MIT.

Runner-ups: San Francisco, New York, Seattle, San Diego and Houston.

Mendocino_waves
originally uploaded by kayjay88

California utility PG&E (PCG) wants to have two 40-megawatt wave farms up and running off the state’s north coasts within a few years, according to documents it has filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or FERC. "It is PG&E’s intention to take advantage of economies of scale and scope across the projects, with the intent to maximize the projects’ potential generation output in the shortest time possible," an utility executive wrote in a letter to FERC. The utility hopes to have the WaveConnect projects ready for full licensing within two to three years. Other details on WaveConnect: The Mendocino County wave farm will be located off Fort Bragg in open ocean a half mile to 4.5 miles offshore. A 68-square-mile area will be assessed. PG&E essentially will turn the zone into a wave-energy testing ground, spending up to $3 million to try out various technologies from up to four manufacturers. "A number of different device concepts are being pursued by independent device manufacturers, and there is no industry consensus at this time on the optimal energy conversion technology," PG&E execs wrote in an application for a preliminary permit for the project. "The initial … devices to be used will be selected from device manufacturers who have sufficiently mature technologies available for deployment." PG&E is in preliminary discussions with Ocean Power Technologies of New Jersey, the U.K’s Ocean Power Delivery and Ireland’s Finavera Renewables. While wave energy technologies vary, they essentially involve a device that floats on the ocean’s surface and that harnesses the power produced by the surf to drive a turbine that generates greenhouse gas-free electricity. PG&E will deploy multiple wave-energy devices in an array moored to the ocean’s floor and connected to the shore by a transmission cable.  The Humboldt WaveConnect project will be located between two and 10 miles off the coastal town of Eureka. The test area will be 136 square miles. Both locales have good surf. Average monthly wave height between 6 and 10 feet.

Canadian_wind_farm_1
photo originally uploaded by gary in van

Attention wind consultants: California utility PG&E (PCG) has got $14 million to spend as it investigates the feasibility of tapping British Columbia for wind power and other renewable energy. A day after the utility announced it would develop "wave farms" off the Northern California Coast, it received the green light this afternoon to head farther north to Canada in its quest for non-planet-warming sources of electricity. The California Public Utilities Commission authorized PG&E to spend up to $14 million on outside consultants as it explores the Great White North’s green energy potential. "This represents an important first step in a mutual effort by California and its neighboring states to join with the province of British Columbia in an effort to combat global warming,” said PUC President Michael Peevey in a statement.  “British Columbia has been assessed in several recent studies for it potential to deliver substantial quantities of energy from a number of renewable resources, most prominently wind and hydro.”

Switchgrass_1
photo originally uploaded by zadalew

Catching up on yesterday’s news, the U.S. Department of Energy announced it’s investing up to $385 million in six cellulosic ethanol plants. Cellulosic ethanol is the great green hope as an alternative to corn ethanol. That’s because it can be made from everything from fast-growing plants like switchgrass to vegetable waste to wood chips, and it produces significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than corn ethanol. A host of companies are gearing up to produce cellulosic ethanol, which involves a more complicated technological process. Among them, Range Fuels, a Colorado company backed by Silicon Valley venture capitalist Vinod Khosla’s firm, Khosla Ventures. Range is scoring up to $76 million in taxpayer cash over the next four years, which does raise Green Wombat’s eyebrows given Khosla’s not infrequent criticisms of solar energy as dependent on government handouts. The cellulosic ethanol companies that won the Department of Energy money are mainly startups, but they’re backed by some big corporate players. For instance, DuPont (DD) is involved with the Broin Companies of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, while Goldman Sachs (GS) and Royal Dutch Shell (RDS-B) are backing Iogen Biorefinery Partners of Arlington, Virginia. Waste Management (WMI) meanwhile is investing in BlueFire Ethanol, a Southern California company. The six companies are expected to eventually produce 130 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol year.

Waves_3
photo originally uploaded by friskyreddog

Dude, waves aren’t just for riding anymore. In a national first, utility PG&E (PCG) took the first step today toward developing two 40-megawatt "wave farms" off California’s north coast. If the project goes forward, PG&E would likely become the world’s largest producer of wave-generated electricity. The utility has asked the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for permission to test multiple wave energy technologies in two projects off the coast of Mendocino and Humboldt counties, inviting wave-energy companies to submit project proposals for the utility’s WaveConnect initiative. "The waters off the coast of Humboldt and Mendocino counties have excellent wave power potential," said PG&E energy procurement executive Fong Wan in a statement. While wave energy technologies vary, they essentially involve a device that floats on the ocean’s surface and that harnesses the power produced by the surf to drive a turbine that generates greenhouse gas-free electricity. For instance, Energetech
Sydney startup Energetech has developed an offshore power plant that uses a parabolic wall to magnify the energy of incoming waves, which force air into a hollow chamber. The air activates a turbine that powers a generator. The company’s prototype (photo at right) is operating off the New South Wales coast in Australia.

PG&E is in early discussions with wave energy companies Ocean Power Technologies of New Jersey, the U.K’s Ocean Power Delivery and Ireland’s Finavera Renewables, utility spokesman Keely Wachs told Green Wombat. Ocean Power Technologies is developing what it calls a PowerBuoy. The device floats on the ocean’s surface and as the buoy bobs around on waves, the motion is converted to mechanical energy that drives a generator. Ocean Power Delivery’s wave energy generator consists of snake-like,
hinged cylindrical sections called a Pelamis. As the Pelamis moves on
the waves, the motion powers hydraulic motors connected to a generator. Finavera is making what it calls an AquaBuoy that "converts the kinetic energy of the vertical motion of oncoming waves into clean electricity. The respective technologies are shown below.

Mendocino and Humboldt counties are environmental strongholds, and
despite WaveConnect’s potential to fight global warming, PG&E’s sure to encounter local resistance, or at least questions, about the project’s
impact on the ocean and marine life.

Ocean_power_technologies_1
Ocean_power_delivery_1 Finaverajpg_1

Plug_in_prius_and_mt_hoodphoto originally uploaded by flexkramer

The electric utility industry’s blossoming love affair with plug-in hybrid cars continues. A study conducted by Xcel Energy (XEL) – a Minneapolis-based utility that serves 8 midwest and western states – and the U.S. government’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory has found that filling Colorado’s roads with plug-in hybrids could cut vehicle greenhouse gas emissions in half without igniting a power plant building boom. Provided, that is, utilities construct so-called smart power grids that charge plug-in hybrids when electricity demand is low. A smart grid can also let car owners feed power back to the grid during peak demand when their vehicles are idle, say, during the work day. "To make a dent in issues like climate change and dependence on foreign oil, the grid must change," said Xcel Energy chief administrative officer Ray Gogel in a statement. "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have the potential to help us better use renewable and other non-traditional energy sources while creating a grid that is more interconnected, balanced and reliable.”  In the study, a NREL computer model simulated the addition of large numbers of plug-in hybrids equipped with a 9-kilowatt battery to the Colorado market, predicting their electricity usage and greenhouse gas emissions under real-world driving conditions. "How much would be saved in vehicle emissions depends on when drivers charge their cars," Xcel said. "Incentive programs may induce customers to charge … at certain times and will help Xcel Energy minimize emissions and operating costs as well as incremental utility infrastructure investment."

Plug-in hybrids use long-lasting rechargeable batteries so the car relies less on its gas engine. While some companies offer kits to convert traditional hybrid cars like the Prius into plug-ins, automakers have yet to bring a so-called PHEV to market. However, California utility PG&E (PCG) has talked to Toyota (TM) about producing a plug-in hybrid and General Motors (GM) and Ford (F) have such cars on the drawing board. PG&E is developing smart grid technology that would detect when and where the cars are plugged in, charging their owners variable rates depending on the time of day and also allowing the cars to return power to the grid. At last week’s Cleantech Forum in San Francisco, Hal LaFlash, PG&E’s director of renewable energy planning and policy, noted that wind farms tend to generate peak power in the evenings when electricity demand falls. "We can use off-peak loads from wind farms to charge vehicles," he said. "A shift to electric vehicle could complement renewables."

Utilities’ promotion of plug-in hybrids makes is a winner for the industry on several counts.

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Wester_states_climate_initiativeThe governors of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon and Washington today signed a climate initiative designed to create a western regional carbon trading market to reduce greenhouse gases. "This … sets the stage for a regional cap and trade program, which will provide a powerful framework for developing a national cap and trade program,” said California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in a statement.  “This agreement shows the power of states to lead our nation addressing climate change.” The five-state accord, known as the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative, calls for the participants to develop over the next 18 months a regional target for cutting greenhouse gases and to create a regional emissions inventory. The accord in effect extends California’s landmark global warming law to neighboring states, establishing a western counterpart to nine northeastern states’ Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The creation of two large carbon trading blocs will undoubtedly put further pressure on Congress to pass a national cap-and-trade legislation.

But drafting a western regional emissions cap won’t be easy, given the states’ varying dependence on coal-fired power. Arizona and New Mexico generate coal-fired electricity while the three coastal states rely largely on natural gas and hydro for their power.  California in January banned its investor-owned utilities – PG&E (PCG), Southern California Edison (EIX) and San Diego Gas & Electric (SRE) – from signing long-term contracts to buy electricity from out-of-state coal-fired plants. The regional accord will also put new pressure on coal plants in two border states not part of the deal – Nevada and Utah. The announcement of the accord comes as Texas utility TXU (TXU) agreed to a $45 billion takeover by private equity firms that will result in the abandonment of 8 of 11 planned coal-fired power plants for the Lone Star State. TXU also will forego plans for coal-fired plants in other states.

In a speech at the National Governors Association meeting in Washington, D.C., Schwarzenegger urged other states to adopt California’s low carbon fuel standard, which requires that transportation fuel sold in the Golden State must be 10 percent less carbon intensive by 2020.

Beat_the_heatWeb 2.0 helped save Silicon Valley. Now will widgets help save the world?
The environmental movement and its corporate allies hope so. They’re tapping Web 2.0’s real-time, interactive technologies in an attempt to spawn a national social network for social do-gooding in the campaign to slow global warming. The past week saw the launch of two such efforts: Beat the Heat from the Natural Resources Defense Council and 18seconds from a coalition that includes NRDC, Environmental Defense, Yahoo (YHOO) Beat_the_heat_closeup_1
and Wal-Mart (WMT). Beat the Heat lets individuals put themselves on an interactive map of the United States, listing their global warming worries and what they’re willing to do to cut greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, Jorge, a retired Army sergeant in Texas, says he’ll buy energy efficicent appliances while Jenni,
a 35-year-old Ohio nurse, says she’ll consider purchasing a hybrid car. "NRDC is really wading into the Web 2.0 waters for the first time, but we think the opportunity the social web presents is enormous," NRDC’s Kim Ranney told Green Wombat, noting that nearly 1,300 people appeared on the map in the first two-and-half days after its launch. "The social web … lets us get the message to people directly that solutions to solving global warming exist now, and then it lets people carry that message forward and get ideas from each other."

Potentially more disruptive to the eco-political status quo are sites like 18seconds, which maps purchases of high-efficiency compact fluorescent bulbs in near real-time by state and metroplitan area. The data is supplied by major retailers to AC Nielsen.

18seconds

As you probably know by now, CFLs use 70 percent less electricity than standard incandescent bulbs, and are thus, potentially a big gun in the fight against global warming. Australia last week banned traditional light bulbs, and in the U.S. there’s a push to replace incandescents with CFLs. (Which would be a bonanza for retailers like Wal-Mart and Home Depot (HD) as well as CFL makers such as General Electric (GE) ) It’s a quick – takes 18 seconds, in fact – easy, and a concrete, high-impact step every citizen can take to combat a global problem that often seems beyond the influence of the average Joe or Josephine. Thus the power of a Web 2.0-powered site like 18seconds, hosted by Yahoo. It tallies the consequences of the simple act of changing a light bulb: the nearly 15 million CFLs purchases since January 1 have eliminated 6.6 million pounds of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the equivalent of taking 104,501 cars off the road. Better yet, to incite some good old-fashioned capitalistic competition, the site ranks states by CFL purchases per capita. Green Wombat was a bit shocked to see redder than red Texas – No. 10 in the rankings – kicking California’s green butt (No. 18). In fact, in another sign that green issues do not necessarily break along the red state-blue state divide, the top 5 CFL-buying states per capita are Arkansas, Wyoming, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. Ultra-liberal Massachusetts, mind you, came in No. 48. As far the as the metropolitan rankings go, how did the left-leaning, Mother Earth-loving Bay Area do? As I write this looking out at the lights – incandescent apparently – of San Francisco, we’re No. 103 in the per capita rankings with 396,755 bulbs bought. Silicon Valley, the green tech epicenter of green tech and home to enviro-friendly companies like Google (GOOG), Hewlett-Packard (HPQ) and Sun Microsytems (SUN), was No. 107 with 165,890 CFLs purchased. (The top spot went to Bellingham, Washington.) To make the campaign viral, the 18seconds includes a customizable CFL-tracking widget that people can put on their own websites and blogs to show bulb buys in their metropolitan area or state.

Now imagine other mashups that make planet-warming personal. Like combining vehicle registration records with auto emissions data and Google Maps to create a widget to show geographical concentrations of the "hottest" cars and trucks. In fact, one can even picture a pitch for a startup that makes green widgets……

Greenhouse_gas_inventory_cover
With little fanfare, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency this week released its inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States between 1990 and 2005. As Congress considers legislation to cap green gas emissions, the inventory is an important snapshot of which industries will face the biggest challenges in reducing their contribution to global warming. The report also contains some disturbing stats on the jump in extremely potent greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic chemicals used to make computer chips and other products (more on that below.) Total greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. rose 16.3 percent between 1990 and 2005 while the economy grew 55 percent. Carbon dioxide accounted for 84 percent of the U.S.’s greenhouse gas emissions, with 94 percent of the CO2 produced by fossil fuels. With 5 percent of the planet’s population, the U.S. in 2005 was responsible for 22 percent of carbon dioxide emitted worldwide from burning fossil fuels. Power plants contribute the most spew, responsible for 41 percent of the nation’s C02 emissions in 2005. Cars, trucks and other transportation were the second-biggest emitters, accounting for 33 percent of CO2 that year. Emissions from cement production have grown 38 percent since 1990 – an indication that there will be plenty of opportunity to develop green building technologies in a carbon constrained world. And all that stuff we buy to fill our McMansions? Much of it ends up being burned in municipal waste plants. Rampant consumerism helped fuel a 91 percent increase in carbon emissions from waste combustion between 1990 and 2005.

Off most people’s radar screens are greenhouse gas emissions from of a group of synthetic chemicals used in industrial manufacturing – hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Although they account for only 2.2 percent of the U.S.’s greenhouse gas emissions, the chemicals are extremely potent. SF6, for instance, has a global warming potential 23,900 times that of carbon dioxide. Since 1990, emissions from these chemicals has spiked 83 percent. "SF6 and PFCs have extremely long
atmospheric lifetimes, resulting in their essentially irreversible accumulation in the
atmosphere once emitted," the EPA report states. "Sulfur hexafluoride is the most Picture_3_5
potent greenhouse gas the [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] has
evaluated."  Ironically, the chemicals were approved as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons used in air conditioners and refrigerants and the big jump in emissions comes from those uses. The chemicals are also used by companies like Intel (INTC) and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) to make semiconductors, and in industrial manufacturing to produce aluminum. In addition, they play a role in the transmission and distribution of electricity. The good news is that aluminum makers like Alcoa (AA) have decreased emissions from HFCs, PFCs and SF6s by 84 percent, and other industrial uses of the chemicals have declined dramatically as well. Emissions from chip making, however, rose nearly 50 percent between 1990 and 2005, though they have remained fairly flat in recent years.   

Cow power – and pig power – entrepreneurs could play a key role in reducing methane emissions from manure by capturing the gas and using it to produce electricity.

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Us_capitolphoto originally uploaded by prad
Go to any green tech conference and one thing you can count on, other than running into Vinod Khosla, is that participants will spend some time debating whether the alt energy boom is a fad or a phenomenon of world-changing proportions. If this week’s Cleantech Forum in San Francisco was any sign, those doubts have disappeared. The discussion these days is about how Silicon Valley venture capitalists can replicate in Washington, D.C., their behind-the-scenes success in getting California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to enact the nation’s first greenhouse gas emissions cap. During a panel discussion Wednesday evening about green tech opportunities in the post-2006 election season, environmentalists urged investors and VCs to continue exerting their political muscle.

"Suddenly, the venture capital industry has become so involved. This
is critical because to a very large extent these are policy-driven
markets," said Christopher Flavin, president of the Worldwatch Institute, a non-profit environmental research organization based in Washington. "I’ve been surprised at just how aggressive and assertive leaders in the venture capitalist community in California are. I’ve been at a number of meetings with venture capitalists where I thought I was talking to someone from Greenpeace. They’re aggressive and willing to go knock on doors. Some of my environmentalist colleagues in Washington seem conservative compared to some VCs. We may be at some kind of tipping point." 

Daniel Kammen, director of the University of California, Berkeley’s Renewable & Appropriate Energy Laboratory, said the passage of California’s global warming law and the Democrat’s 2006 election victory has changed the game in Washington. "It opens up incredible opportunities," said Kammen, whose lab will contribute to the new $500 million biofuels research center being funded by oil giant BP (BP). "I literally get four to five calls a day from lawmakers asking what would be the key thing to pass to open up green tech opportunities, from plug-in hybrid cars, to putting solar on an even footing."

Stephane Dupont, executive vice president of the Washington-based National Venture Capital Association, said his trade group is beefing up its staff to focus on green tech. He said now’s the time to press the clean tech cause in the capital. "There’s a desire by the political elites in Washington to recapture that technological leadership, not only for political reasons but for job creation."

Flavin welcomed the green-green alliance between environmentalists and VCs as well as the willingness of Silicon Valley’s heavyweights to take on the brown lobby led by oil companies like ExxonMobil (XOM). "I’m excited to see that some of the troglodytes who have been holding things back are now up against a group that is not only as well funded but that is more intelligent."

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